Compact Disc (CD) media provide a number of features that differentiate them from conventional disks. They are designed so that they can be read continuously without delays to move the head between tracks. While CD media do have tracks, these refer to a section of data to be read continuously, and not a physical property of the disk. The ISO 9660 file system was designed to deal with these differences.
The FreeBSD Ports Collection provides several utilities for burning and duplicating audio and data CDs. This chapter demonstrates the use of several command line utilities. For CD burning software with a graphical utility, consider installing the sysutils/xcdroast or sysutils/k3b packages or ports.
The GENERIC
kernel provides support
for SCSI, USB, and
ATAPI CD readers and
burners. If a custom kernel is used, the options that need to
be present in the kernel configuration file vary by the type
of device.
For a SCSI burner, make sure these options are present:
device scbus # SCSI bus (required for ATA/SCSI) device da # Direct Access (disks) device pass # Passthrough device (direct ATA/SCSI access) device cd # needed for CD and DVD burners
For a USB burner, make sure these options are present:
device scbus # SCSI bus (required for ATA/SCSI) device da # Direct Access (disks) device pass # Passthrough device (direct ATA/SCSI access) device cd # needed for CD and DVD burners device uhci # provides USB 1.x support device ohci # provides USB 1.x support device ehci # provides USB 2.0 support device xhci # provides USB 3.0 support device usb # USB Bus (required) device umass # Disks/Mass storage - Requires scbus and da
For an ATAPI burner, make sure these options are present:
device ata # Legacy ATA/SATA controllers device scbus # SCSI bus (required for ATA/SCSI) device pass # Passthrough device (direct ATA/SCSI access) device cd # needed for CD and DVD burners
On FreeBSD versions prior to 10.x, this line is also needed in the kernel configuration file if the burner is an ATAPI device:
device atapicam
Alternately, this driver can be loaded at boot time by
adding the following line to
/boot/loader.conf
:
atapicam_load="YES"
This will require a reboot of the system as this driver can only be loaded at boot time.
To verify that FreeBSD recognizes the device, run
dmesg
and look for an entry for the device.
On systems prior to 10.x, the device name in the first line of
the output will be acd0
instead of
cd0
.
%
dmesg | grep cd
cd0 at ahcich1 bus 0 scbus1 target 0 lun 0 cd0: <HL-DT-ST DVDRAM GU70N LT20> Removable CD-ROM SCSI-0 device cd0: Serial Number M3OD3S34152 cd0: 150.000MB/s transfers (SATA 1.x, UDMA6, ATAPI 12bytes, PIO 8192bytes) cd0: Attempt to query device size failed: NOT READY, Medium not present - tray closed
In FreeBSD, cdrecord
can be used to burn
CDs. This command is installed with the
sysutils/cdrtools package or port.
While cdrecord
has many options, basic
usage is simple. Specify the name of the
ISO file to burn and, if the system has
multiple burner devices, specify the name of the device to
use:
#
cdrecord
dev=device
imagefile.iso
To determine the device name of the burner, use
-scanbus
which might produce results like
this:
#
cdrecord -scanbus
ProDVD-ProBD-Clone 3.00 (amd64-unknown-freebsd10.0) Copyright (C) 1995-2010 Jörg Schilling Using libscg version 'schily-0.9' scsibus0: 0,0,0 0) 'SEAGATE ' 'ST39236LW ' '0004' Disk 0,1,0 1) 'SEAGATE ' 'ST39173W ' '5958' Disk 0,2,0 2) * 0,3,0 3) 'iomega ' 'jaz 1GB ' 'J.86' Removable Disk 0,4,0 4) 'NEC ' 'CD-ROM DRIVE:466' '1.26' Removable CD-ROM 0,5,0 5) * 0,6,0 6) * 0,7,0 7) * scsibus1: 1,0,0 100) * 1,1,0 101) * 1,2,0 102) * 1,3,0 103) * 1,4,0 104) * 1,5,0 105) 'YAMAHA ' 'CRW4260 ' '1.0q' Removable CD-ROM 1,6,0 106) 'ARTEC ' 'AM12S ' '1.06' Scanner 1,7,0 107) *
Locate the entry for the CD burner and
use the three numbers separated by commas as the value for
dev
. In this case, the Yamaha burner device
is 1,5,0
, so the appropriate input to
specify that device is dev=1,5,0
. Refer to
the manual page for cdrecord
for other ways
to specify this value and for information on writing audio
tracks and controlling the write speed.
Alternately, run the following command to get the device address of the burner:
#
camcontrol devlist
<MATSHITA CDRW/DVD UJDA740 1.00> at scbus1 target 0 lun 0 (cd0,pass0)
Use the numeric values for scbus
,
target
, and lun
. For
this example, 1,0,0
is the device name to
use.
In order to produce a data CD, the data
files that are going to make up the tracks on the
CD must be prepared before they can be
burned to the CD. In FreeBSD,
sysutils/cdrtools installs
mkisofs
, which can be used to produce an
ISO 9660 file system that is an image of a
directory tree within a UNIX® file system. The simplest
usage is to specify the name of the ISO
file to create and the path to the files to place into the
ISO 9660 file system:
#
mkisofs -o
imagefile.iso
/path/to/tree
This command maps the file names in the specified path to names that fit the limitations of the standard ISO 9660 file system, and will exclude files that do not meet the standard for ISO file systems.
A number of options are available to overcome the
restrictions imposed by the standard. In particular,
-R
enables the Rock Ridge extensions common
to UNIX® systems and -J
enables Joliet
extensions used by Microsoft® systems.
For CDs that are going to be used only
on FreeBSD systems, -U
can be used to disable
all filename restrictions. When used with
-R
, it produces a file system image that is
identical to the specified FreeBSD tree, even if it violates the
ISO 9660 standard.
The last option of general use is -b
.
This is used to specify the location of a boot image for use
in producing an “El Torito” bootable
CD. This option takes an argument which is
the path to a boot image from the top of the tree being
written to the CD. By default,
mkisofs
creates an ISO
image in “floppy disk emulation” mode, and thus
expects the boot image to be exactly 1200, 1440 or
2880 KB in size. Some boot loaders, like the one used by
the FreeBSD distribution media, do not use emulation mode. In
this case, -no-emul-boot
should be used. So,
if /tmp/myboot
holds a bootable FreeBSD
system with the boot image in
/tmp/myboot/boot/cdboot
, this command
would produce
/tmp/bootable.iso
:
#
mkisofs -R -no-emul-boot -b boot/cdboot -o /tmp/bootable.iso /tmp/myboot
The resulting ISO image can be mounted as a memory disk with:
#
mdconfig -a -t vnode -f /tmp/bootable.iso -u 0
#
mount -t cd9660 /dev/md0 /mnt
One can then verify that /mnt
and
/tmp/myboot
are identical.
There are many other options available for
mkisofs
to fine-tune its behavior. Refer
to mkisofs(8) for details.
It is possible to copy a data CD to
an image file that is functionally equivalent to the image
file created with mkisofs
. To do so, use
dd
with the device name as the input
file and the name of the ISO to create as
the output file:
#
dd if=/dev/
cd0
of=file.iso
bs=2048
The resulting image file can be burned to CD as described in Section 17.5.2, “Burning a CD”.
Once an ISO has been burned to a CD, it can be mounted by specifying the file system type, the name of the device containing the CD, and an existing mount point:
#
mount -t cd9660
/dev/cd0
/mnt
Since mount
assumes that a file system
is of type ufs
, a Incorrect
super block error will occur if -t
cd9660
is not included when mounting a data
CD.
While any data CD can be mounted this
way, disks with certain ISO 9660 extensions
might behave oddly. For example, Joliet disks store all
filenames in two-byte Unicode characters. If some non-English
characters show up as question marks, specify the local
charset with -C
. For more information, refer
to mount_cd9660(8).
In order to do this character conversion with the help
of -C
, the kernel requires the
cd9660_iconv.ko
module to be loaded.
This can be done either by adding this line to
loader.conf
:
cd9660_iconv_load="YES"
and then rebooting the machine, or by directly loading
the module with kldload
.
Occasionally, Device not configured will be displayed when trying to mount a data CD. This usually means that the CD drive has not detected a disk in the tray, or that the drive is not visible on the bus. It can take a couple of seconds for a CD drive to detect media, so be patient.
Sometimes, a SCSI CD drive may be missed because it did not have enough time to answer the bus reset. To resolve this, a custom kernel can be created which increases the default SCSI delay. Add the following option to the custom kernel configuration file and rebuild the kernel using the instructions in Section 8.5, “Building and Installing a Custom Kernel”:
options SCSI_DELAY=15000
This tells the SCSI bus to pause 15 seconds during boot, to give the CD drive every possible chance to answer the bus reset.
It is possible to burn a file directly to CD, without creating an ISO 9660 file system. This is known as burning a raw data CD and some people do this for backup purposes.
This type of disk can not be mounted as a normal data CD. In order to retrieve the data burned to such a CD, the data must be read from the raw device node. For example, this command will extract a compressed tar file located on the second CD device into the current working directory:
#
tar xzvf /dev/
cd1
In order to mount a data CD, the
data must be written using
mkisofs
.
To duplicate an audio CD, extract the audio data from the CD to a series of files, then write these files to a blank CD.
Procedure 17.1, “Duplicating an Audio CD” describes how to
duplicate and burn an audio CD. If the
FreeBSD version is less than 10.0 and the device is
ATAPI, the atapicam
module
must be first loaded using the instructions in Section 17.5.1, “Supported Devices”.
The sysutils/cdrtools package or
port installs cdda2wav
. This command
can be used to extract all of the audio tracks, with each
track written to a separate WAV file in
the current working directory:
%
cdda2wav -vall -B -Owav
A device name does not need to be specified if there
is only one CD device on the system.
Refer to the cdda2wav
manual page for
instructions on how to specify a device and to learn more
about the other options available for this command.
Use cdrecord
to write the
.wav
files:
%
cdrecord -v dev=
2,0
-dao -useinfo *.wav
Make sure that 2,0
is set
appropriately, as described in Section 17.5.2, “Burning a CD”.
All FreeBSD documents are available for download at https://download.freebsd.org/ftp/doc/
Questions that are not answered by the
documentation may be
sent to <freebsd-questions@FreeBSD.org>.
Send questions about this document to <freebsd-doc@FreeBSD.org>.